Technology Leadership is a Business Strategy Essay

Technology Leadership is a Business Strategy - Essay Example Even if there were some computers in an organization, it was only with the most senior employees or in research departments. Now though, things have moved on. The development of the internet by the US Army and its public release in the 1980s has created quite a phenomenal change in information technology (Moschella, 1997). Internet forms the very backbone of our society today. New generations fear thinking how we managed to get stuff done when we didn't have this much technology in our lives. Technology leadership goes far beyond the conventional planning processes. It is about the change it can bring about in the very foundations of running the company and the ways and means with which it is run. It creates a whole new way of defining efficiency and goal achievement strategies (Sosik, 2004). This means that the role of the executive director is vital in the deployment of technology. So, technology can not be a success in an origination if employees are not comfortable with it or they do not know the huge benefits of it. We continuously study optimization strategies and efficient working conditions in almost every course, be it related to science or the business fields. This is because computers and technology have helped humans today see that they can get more work done in lesser time. The absolute importance of technology is that an organization accomplish in getting much more work done in a small amount of time and the output is error free as well. Technology today is not even expensive to buy. Many small business organizations are still running on vintage hardware and still are way in the lead because their staff know how get the best out of what has been provided to them. Companies like Microsoft and Linux developers research and develop operating systems with software that is not only easier to use than their previous editions, but which can accomplish more at the same time. We are talking about multitasking. Imagine for a moment, the importance of doing several time consuming tasks at the same time. It takes accountants and engineers hours to develop circuits on paper. But, using computer software, they can produce error free results in a matter of a few minutes. Consumer goods companies like Unilever and Procter & Gamble replace their hardware after every three years just to cope up with the increasing change in computing technology. They know the importance of technology in their goal achievement techniques. This fact is also helped by the fact that each CEO of the company is fluent and comfortable with the use of technology and in annual board meetings they are able to convince the board members, who can actually make or break the company if they disagree with technological innovations, on deploying better and more efficient technology and train employees in the area of using this new technology. Use of technologies in banks like Standard Chartered is vital. The prime example of this is an ATM machine. How easy is it to take your cash out of a machine rather than stand in queues waiting for your turn at the counter Conclusion Technology leadership is the quality most required in today's top companies. This is the reason they are at

Fresh Direct Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fresh Direct - Case Study Example This paper outlines that Jason Ackerman and Joseph Fedele. As a result, many retail grocery stores started offering their service online by developing their websites; online grocery shopping was considered as the best way of doing shopping for food and it affected sales of various retail giants. In order to place an order, the customers need to have an order of $30 along with delivery fees. The company was significantly impacted when competition intensified in the industry as competitors started offering local organic and grown food items but there were some aspects that these emerging competitors were unable to compete with the company. FreshDirect claimed to have revenue of about $250 million which is an increase of almost $20 million from previous year; the customer base is within the range of 20-25%. YourGrocer has been launched with strategy focusing on bulk buying as customers prefer to order in large quantities of goods and get instant deliveries which is being offered by this online grocery store According to Johnson et al., Porter’s five forces model is important for assessing the position of a company in its industry. It will help in making decisions strategically that will help in increasing profitability of FreshDirect. The threat of new entrants is low in online grocery industry as new entrants will have to invest huge capital amount and need to have experience along with understanding about advance technological system for efficient management. Any new entrant will have to learn various aspects on online grocery stores and have access to reliable suppliers and well-known distributors. Customers these days are aware of various options that are available online and have high power for bargaining their prices and needs. It is easier for customers to switch to other competitors if they are not provided high quality products at affordable price range.

Should We Eat Pork Philosophy Essay

Should We Eat Pork Philosophy Essay Nowadays, people pay more attention on choosing what we eat. At the same time, the issue of animal rights and welfare is being raised and discussed in the society. Dogs have been considered as our companion animals for over 30,000 years (Waugh, 2012), while pigs are being considered as farm animals in most countries. Dogs are loved and cared by human; staying with us and we provide them with comfortable living environment. However, pigs live in intensive factory farms with indecent living conditions, being packed in small areas and treated inhumanely, and being treated as food to human. This situation reveals the problem of unequal treatment between pigs and dogs and it leads us to the topic: should we eat pork if we do not eat dogs? Most people against eating dog meat but they allow eating pork; they object to cruelty to dogs while enjoying the produce by cruelty to pigs. We are showing our prejudice towards pigs when we are labelling them as meat, because it turns pigs as something, and we are objectifying them as food to human (Grillo, 2012). They are both animals, but what are the differences between pigs and dogs and what is wrong in pigs that make them deserve poorer treatment? Given that pigs and dogs are both animals, then they should be given same treatment. If we refuse to eat dogs, then we should not eat pork. In the following, I will be introducing the problem of moral inconsistency, followed by arguing that indeed pigs and dogs are very similar, and the value of them should be independent of their relationship with humans. Possible arguments from the opposite side, along with some responses will be addressed in the later part. Psychologists mentioned that people are always inconsistent in our attitude and behaviour, and Elizabeth Anderson once mentioned in her book that she is puzzled and confused with moral inconsistency when she saw pet owners wearing fur coat (Herzog, 2011). We are fed with absurdity when we have inconsistent attitudes and selective empathy towards pigs and dogs, and carnisim is the invisible belief system which drives us to choose what to eat (Joy, 2011). We need to be consistent in ethics so as to avoid contraction between our beliefs, values and actions. Being consistent also reflects our integrity as human beings. There are several reasons behind moral inconsistency. The A-B-C model is a widely accepted theory which talks about our attitudes. Our attitude is guided by three components, they are Affect, Behaviour and Cognition (Herzog, 2011). Attitude is how people think and feel towards something, behaviour is your action, cognition is how well you understand that issue. Sometimes, people may encounter moral inconsistency because of keeping a pet, which they are emotionally attached to dogs or other companion animals; or they do not understand how pigs suffering during the process of slaughtering, which they do not consider it as an issue to pigs to be treated inhumanely and killed. People may refuse to eat pork once they see, smell or listen to sounds and situation in the slaughterhouse. Chris Diehm, an environmental philosopher discovered that even when people are pointed out with moral inconsistency, we often think of ways to turn personal behaviour into something reasonable and justifiable (Herzog, 2011). Some of us do realise the differences in our relationships and the way we treat different pigs and dogs; however, we remove our inconsistency by changing our beliefs instead of changing our behaviour so as to feel comfortable. People are unwilling to admit that we are inconsistent or incoherent mainly due to our interest and selfishness, some love the taste of pork and they defend eating pigs. Although Hal Herzog mentioned that moral incoherence is one of the inevitable features of human nature (Herzog, 2011), it is not an excuse of treating pigs and dogs unequally. Human nature does not justify moral incoherence; rather, our human nature, especially our ability to reason and intelligence makes us distinctive from other animals. Instead, human should make good us e of the ability to reason and morality to achieve moral coherence and consistency. Now I will turn to the reasons why pigs and dogs deserve same treatment from human. First of all, pigs and dogs are similar in two ways, both psychologically and physically. In psychological point of view, pigs and dogs are also sentient animals, which they have emotions and they have the ability to experience happiness and sadness. Pigs can be both optimists and pessimists, and their living environment is one of the factors affecting their emotions (Berkoff, 2011). Furthermore, both of them have long term memory of their experience in pain and pleasure, especially for pigs, they not only suffer their own pain, but witness and remember pain of others (PETA, 2013). It has been proved in different scientific reports that both pigs and dogs are very intelligent. They can also develop complex relationships with other species, and they care what happens to them (Grillo, 2012). Each animal, including pigs and dogs has their unique personality and characteristic. In biological point of view, according to the classification of living things, pigs and dogs belong to the clas s of mammals. They have many common characteristics, such as being vertebrates, warm-blooded, having furs and hairs and sweat glands, as well as they undergo internal fertilization. In terms of physical appearance, they have similar teeth and heart structure. They can also perform simple tasks that children are able to do, and doing different tricks like jumping hoops, bowing and standing (Angier, 2009). It is also found that both pigs and dogs have certain preferences towards temperature, such as under cold conditions, dogs need to wear clothes, and pigs can turn on the heater when they are given the chance and turn it off when they feel hot (PETA, 2013). There are a lot misunderstandings or unknown facts about pigs that makes them inferior to dogs. Regarding the psychological and physical similarities, differences in biological structure or emotions do not justify unequal treatment towards pigs. Secondly, some people hold the idea that human are superior to other animals, so that we have the right to treat them according to their relationships with us, and their values depends on how close we are. Paul Taylor brought out the idea of species egalitarianism and biocentrism on the ground that not only are animals members of the community, they are also teleological centres of life that each animal is a unique individual pursing its own good in its own way (Taylor, 1986). Generally, there are three kinds of values being identified in animals, which are the commodity, amenity and moral value (Norton, 1988). Commodity value refers that species can be made into products and being sold in market, for example wool and alligators for making clothes and handbags. Amenity value refers to the presence of animals which improves our lives in a recreational way, such as fishing, hunting or watching performances. Moral value refers to values in species themselves, which includes intrinsic an d inherent value; and that value is independent of human (Regan, 2006; Taylor, 1986). The moral value is a universal value, which can be found in all species and it is the same in all species. Unlike commodity and amenity value, moral value does not come in any degree (Regan, 2006). Therefore, animals have their own life and they do not fully depend on human although different species are interdependent in some way. Even if their values depend on human, it would be a mistake if we overlook their own moral values and independence. Moral value of animals is highly related to the problem of moral inconsistency. Most people responding to some questionnaires stated that they treasured and valued the independent value of animals, which they agreed animals exist independent of any use (Randall, 1986). In spite of the findings from the questionnaires, human place commodity and amenity values on top of moral value of animals in most of the time. Those three values should come together in parallel, and hold equal importance. Furthermore, animals with further relationship with us do not mean that we should or have the rights to treat them unequally and inflict harm on them. We do not know someone does not mean we should hurt that person, and the same applies to animals. Pigs and dogs are independent creatures; they do not live for us. Despite pigs and dogs are highly similar and they have independent moral values, people hold the opposite view have other arguments that they believe it is fine to treat pigs and dogs in different way. In the following, I will be presenting their objections and some responses why their arguments do not stand. Some people may argue that pigs and dogs are very different in nature, which means they are not the same when they are born to and born for. People mean that dogs are bred to be friends and companions of human, while pigs are bred as farm animals to be food and meat to feed human. The ones holding this view consider both dogs and pigs as means to human. We should not consider pigs and dogs as tools to serve and satisfy human needs since we are not the only species on the world (Regan, 2006). They do not live for us as mentioned previously that animals have independent moral value from us. The nature indeed does not shape animals distinctively for different purposes or uses; it does not separate animals from animals into different categories. It is our intuition or practices which lead us to the idea that pigs and dogs are different. Using the example of human, we are not born to be someone; it is our experience that shapes us. Therefore, it does not make sense in claiming that pigs a nd dogs are born differently. People may say that history and our own culture contributes to the differences between pigs and dogs and the act of eating pork, it makes nothing wrong in following our customs. We develop our practices by learning from our ancestors and parents, copying their way of living including their eating habits. However, following culture and customs does not mean we are acting rightfully or the act is ethically good. For example, racism, gender inequality and slavery existed since long time ago; do we say that they are justifiable because our culture and customs that treat people in different manners and ways? We should not make judgements only base on culture and customs, but also our morality, critical mind and rational thinking. It is undeniably difficult to change our practices and beliefs in a short period of time. A person is easily being tempted when the idea of treating pigs and dogs first comes to his mind; and it certainly takes time to change our habit (Herzog, 2011). Another argument which is likely to be given by pet lovers who eat meat is that dogs have higher instrumental value. In the past, dogs hunt for human and they are being considered as loyal since long time ago. They stay with us during our ups and downs, offering love and companionship. They can protect human, our property and children, dogs are also being used to detect bombs and drugs (Wogrinrich, 2011); while pigs are only being considered as food to human. Although dogs seem to have higher instrumental values in our life, actually they are equipped with all those talents because they are trained. Some may say dogs can recognise drugs because of their sensitivity in smelling. However, when we look deeply on how dogs identify different types of drugs, it is because they are being taught by human. If they are not trained, their strengths could not be expressed. It is because we human choose them to be taught rather than pigs, it does not mean that pigs cannot perform those tasks and actions, pigs are also trainable as they are intelligent. Pigs can also be our companion animals and we can keep them in our homes. We stereotyped pigs as stupid and dirty, which refrained people from getting close with them in the past. In this way, we cannot support the argument that we do not eat dogs because they are useful, it is human who makes them useful, and we can also provide pigs with skills so that they can have higher instrumental value. Rick Dove, an animal welfare campaigner once said Its an idiotic double standard: you cant kick a dog, but you can lock a pig up in a small crate and take her piglets away before she can nurse them properly, as any mother is programmed to do. This is mans insane inhumanity at its worst. (Kirby, 2010); dog lovers who claim that they love and care about animals are contradicting if they eat pork, who truly love animals should not be morally defending causing one harm and suffering to satisfy their own pleasure. It is hypocritical to love one but totally neglecting the other. If we agree to eat pork, we should accept eating dogs as well regarding their similarity and moral values. If we refuse to eat dogs, then we should not eat pork. Years ago, people have not thought of refusing to eat shark fins due to our traditions and customs, yet people are asking others stop eating shark fins now. Some may not think of treating pigs and dogs and other animals consistently and coherently similarl y. Value changes as time passes, it is the matter of time that people should put this matter into practices. Not only between pigs and dogs, but the other animals should also be given same treatment to show our respect to them as one of the members in community.

Present and Future Benefits of Solar Powered Homes Essay -- Argumentat

Present and Future Benefits of Solar Powered Homes Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following is a feasibility study on the need to apply solar power for homes and the benefits to be expected from it. This report contains information on the expected benefits of using solar power for homes in place of traditional methods of power such as electricity and gas. Solar power is beneficial to consumers because it saves them money compared to the increasingly high prices of conventional methods of generation. Solar power is also beneficial to society because it is much safer for our environment than the burning of fossil fuels or the use of nuclear power that is characteristic of gas and electricity power. This report explores solar power as an alternate and superior means of power generation for homes. Discussion and Results â€Å"Photovoltaics—A Path to Sustainable Futures†, a journal article by Joshua M. Pierce states that since 1957, electricity demand in the US has increased by over 450% while the US population has increased by only 50%, which illustrates how the demand for electricity has grown. During the first half of the 20th century, the national average price of electricity decreased as more efficient generating units were brought into service and this general trend has continued, but more electricity is needed so there is a need for different methods of generation like nuclear and solar power. Nuclear and fossil fuel generation have many negative environmental impacts, so there is a need for change which enables consumers to reduce dependence on these harmful technologies. â€Å"Photovoltaics—A Path to Sustainable Futures† states that new technology such as solar power has become a primary focus for researchers and they not only believe solar power to be environment ally safer but more cost effective as well. All of us are electricity consumers and therefore are familiar with this issue that directly affects us. When looking at alternate ways to produce electricity, one matter that particularly stands out is the consumer’s cost for the use of electricity compared to the use of solar power. According to www.solcomhouse.com, over 200,000 homes in the U.S. use some type of solar technology and more than 10,000 homes are entirely power by solar energy. The advantages of using solar power for homes, also known as Photovoltaic systems, are numerous. Many solar-power... ...rgy. References Passive Solar Buildings by J. Douglas Baccomb is a book that we have used that explains a broad survey of solar power-energy technologies and the reasons for their increased use. WWW.solcomhouse.com by The Ozone Hole, Inc. is a web site that gives an overall definition of solar power and its many uses. â€Å"Convincing the Home Builder to Build Solar Homes- Evaluation of the Passive Solar Workshop for Builders† by S. Klein is a journal article that discusses the increasing need for electricity and the most cost effective and environmentally safest way to keep up with the demand. â€Å"Photovoltaics -- A Path to Sustainable Futures† Volume 34, 20022002 by Joshua M. Pierce is another journal article that explains the technical, social, and economic benefits and limitations of PV technologies to provide electricity. Solar Heating Systems: Analysis and Design with the Sun-Pulse Method by Gordon F. Tully is another book that we used for our background information on how solar energy systems work. WWW.Millionsolarroofs.com by the U.S. Department of Energy is a web site that contains information on government programs supporting the use of solar power generation in homes.

The Rebranding of Lenovo After Its Acquisition of Thinkpad

The Rebranding of Lenovo after Its Acquisition of ThinkPad Chinese company Lenovo, founded in Beijing in 1984 and incorporated in Hong Kong in 1988, has gone through rebranding after its 2005 acquisition of the ThinkPad PC business from U. S. firm IBM. [1] Since then, Lenovo has risen to become the top PC maker alongside Hewlett-Packard, and analysts point to its ThinkPad products as a major factor behind its success. Lenovo's acquisition of IBM's personal computer division accelerated access to foreign markets while improving both its branding and technology.Before 2005, Lenovo lacked international recognition, attention to user and user experience outside China. The acquisition of the ThinkPad not only helped Lenovo promote brand image, but also helped it build the awareness in overseas markets. In order to extend the market and compete against its competitors Lenovo has pursued innovative new PC designs such as its popular IdeaPad Yoga products, ThinkPad Helix, and ThinkPad Twist. Lenovo has achieved significant success with this high-value strategy and it now controls more than 40% of the market for Windows computers priced above $900 in the United States. 2] Keeping the original name ThinkPad, Lenovo puts its brand identity in front of it. The brand value of ThinkPad has been successfully kept after being acquired by Lenovo. Shipments of Think-branded computers have doubled since Lenovo's takeover of the brand, with operating margins thought to be above 5%. [2] Lenovo has aggressively expanded the ThinkPad brand away from traditional laptop computers in favor of tablets and hybrid devices such as ThinkPad Helix and the ThinkPad Twist. Lenovo ThinkPadThinkPad line has filled up the blank of high-end products, completing the whole product lines of Lenovo. Now, Lenovo offers a multiplicity of product lines, and successfully seizing both high-end and low-end market. ThinkPad products are aimed at producing enterprise machines and high-end consumer products and positioned to compete with Apple in the high-end market. While, other product lines, such as IdeaPad and Essential, are focusing on mid- and low-range products, competing with HP, Deal as well as other mid-and –low range price PC producers.To improve its brand awareness in the international retail market, Lenovo has invested heavily in media and promotion. Lenovo hoped to establish a worldwide brand image of cool and innovative, rather than a synonym for cheap. Lenovo has purchased the advertising space during Super Bowl and a popular TV show â€Å"Glee†. One ad shows a Lenovo notebook open its parachute after being thrown out of an airplane, which displays the Quick Launch feature of the Lenovo notebook. In the lobby of the Lenovo U. S. building, the tagline â€Å"For those who do† can be easily found everywhere.Lenovo was also cleverly advertised in a Hollywood movie Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the movie, a computer transforms into a robot friend of th e hero, Shia Labeouf — and the name of the computer company is there for all to see: Lenovo. â€Å"Chinese enterprises are looking for better opportunities to promote brands globally, and Hollywood is a good platform,† said Liu Siru, head of the advertising company Filmworks China Entertainment Marketing, which is operating in the US movie hub[3]. References: [1]: Company history of Lenovo on their official website, http://www. enovo. com/lenovo/us/en/history. html [2]: [From guard shack to global giant; Chinese industry â€Å"From guard shack to global giant; Chinese industry†]. The Economist. January 12, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013. [3]: Chen Jia: Remake, Remodel and Rebrand: Chinese firms need to raise their game to gain international recognition, October 2, 2011. [4]: Craig Stephen (August 20, 2012), China’s Lenovo may be one-off success,MarketWatch, August 20, 2012. [5]: â€Å"Face value: Legend in the making†. The Economist, February 6, 2013.

Power in Animal Farm

Animal Farm One of America’s most famous presidents, Abraham Lincoln, once said, â€Å"Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power. † This statement stands through all of history as countless world leaders have abused their power constantly. This also shows in the novel by George Orwell, Animal Farm. The pigs in power, and especially Napoleon, tend to constantly abuse their power and be corrupted by it. Three ways power affects the novel are the corruption of power with Napoleon, the pigs taking advantage of their power, and the eventual outcome of the book.As soon as Napoleon had some power he began to scheme to fully take it. â€Å"Nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. † Napoleon had raised dogs since they were little and readied them so he can one day take over the farm. Napoleon then used these dogs to ensure his power multiple times, especially when an uprising was boun d to happen. Napoleon became corrupted with power and used it to do his biddings. It is also seen that the dogs wagged their tail in a similar manner as they used to for Jones.Along with Napoleon, all the other pigs, who were regarded as the most intelligent of animals, soon began to corrupt their power too. â€Å"The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership. † The pigs seemed to have the greatest amount of food and all sorts of luxuries. The pigs would even break the Seven Commandments when they wanted to and used Squealer, Napoleon’s right hand man(pig), to explain to the animals what has happened and take advantage of them. The pigs began to sleep in beds and become more and more humanlike as well.The final outcome of the book is also influenced by the pigs corruption of power. â€Å"Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No questio n, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. † The pigs began to abuse their power so much they started becoming almost completely humans. They drank alcohol, slept in beds, and walked on their hind feet. With this final transformation into humans, the fate of Animal Farm has been destined for destruction.The pigs will continue fighting for power and then once a rebellion occurs the next animals shall too. Power is certainly a force to be reckoned with. Once obtained the individual or party grows to become more attached to this power and eventually corrupted with it. â€Å"Power Corrupts. Absolute Power corrupts absolutely. † (Lord Acton. ) The animals on Animal Farm felt the effect of corruption in power when the pigs started to constantly abuse it. It is truly hard to find a good leader when power does these horrid effects to most people in control. â€Å"Power Corrupts. Absolute Power corrupts absolutely. †

Childrens Day in Japan and Koinobori Song

Children's Day in Japan and Koinobori Song May 5 is Japans national holiday known as, Kodomo no hi Ã¥ ­ Ã¤ ¾â€ºÃ£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥ (Childrens day). It is a day to celebrate the health and happiness of children. Until 1948, it was called, Tango no Sekku (ç « ¯Ã¥ Ë†Ã£  ®Ã§ ¯â‚¬Ã¥  ¥), and only honored boys. Although this holiday became known as, Childrens Day, many Japanese still consider it a Boys Festival. On the other hand, Hinamatsuri (㠁 ²Ã£  ªÃ§ ¥ ­Ã£â€šÅ ), which falls on March 3rd, is a day to celebrate girls. Childrens Day Families with boys fly, Koinobori é ¯â€°Ã£  ®Ã£  ¼Ã£â€šÅ  (carp-shaped streamers), to express the hope that they will grow up healthy and strong. The carp is a symbol of strength, courage, and success. In a Chinese legend, a carp swam upstream to become a dragon. The Japanese proverb, Koi no takinobori (é ¯â€°Ã£  ®Ã¦ » Ã§â„¢ »Ã£â€šÅ , Kois waterfall climbing), means, to succeed vigorously in life. Warrior dolls and warrior helmets called, Gogatsu-ningyou, are also displayed in a boys house. Kashiwamochi is one of the traditional foods that are eaten on this day. It is a steamed rice cake with sweet beans inside and is wrapped in an oak leaf. Another traditional food is, chimaki, which is a dumpling wrapped in bamboo leaves. On Childrens Day, there is a custom to take a shoubu-yu (a bath with floating shoubu leaves). Shoubu (è â€"è’ ²) is a type of iris. It has long leaves that resemble swords. Why the bath with shoubu? It is because shoubu is believed to promote good health and to ward off evil. It is also hung under the eaves of homes to drive away evil spirits. Shoubu (Ã¥ °Å¡Ã¦ ­ ¦) also means, materialism, warlike spirit, when using different kanji characters. Koinobori Song There is a childrens song called, Koinobori, that is often sung during this time of the year. Here are the lyrics in romaji and Japanese. Yane yori takai koinoboriOokii magoi wa otousanChiisai higoi wa kodomotachiOmoshirosouni oyoideru Ã¥ ±â€¹Ã¦   ¹Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€šÅ Ã© «ËœÃ£ â€ž é ¯â€°Ã£  ®Ã£  ¼Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥ ¤ §Ã£  Ã£ â€žÃ§Å"Ÿé ¯â€°Ã£  ¯ 㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ¥ ° Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ§ ·â€¹Ã© ¯â€°Ã£  ¯ Ã¥ ­ Ã¤ ¾â€ºÃ© â€Ã©  ¢Ã§â„¢ ½Ã£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  « æ ³ ³Ã£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£â€šâ€¹ Vocabulary yane Ã¥ ±â€¹Ã¦   ¹ - rooftakai é «ËœÃ£ â€ž - highookii Ã¥ ¤ §Ã£  Ã£ â€ž - bigotousan 㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œ - fatherchiisai Ã¥ ° Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€ž - smallkodomotachi Ã¥ ­ Ã¤ ¾â€ºÃ£ Å¸Ã£  ¡ - childrenomoshiroi é  ¢Ã§â„¢ ½Ã£ â€ž - enjoyableoyogu æ ³ ³Ã£   - to swim Takai, ookii, chiisai and omoshiroi are I-adjectives. There is an important lesson to learn regarding terms used for Japanese family members. Different terms are used for family members depending on whether the person referred to is part of the speakers own family or not. Also, there are terms for directly addressing members of the speakers family. For example, lets look at the word father. When referring to someones father, otousan is used. When referring your own father, chichi is used. However, when addressing your father, otousan or papa is used. Anata no otousan wa se ga takai desu ne. 㠁‚㠁 ªÃ£ Å¸Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¨Æ'Å'㠁Å'é «ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š- Your father is tall, isnt he?Watashi no chichi wa takushii no untenshu desu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£  ¯Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£  ®Ã© â€¹Ã¨ » ¢Ã¦â€°â€¹Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My father is a taxi driver.Otousan, hayaku kite! 㠁Šçˆ ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬ Ã¦â€" ©Ã£  Ã¦  ¥Ã£  ¦- Dad, come quickly! Grammar Yori より is a particle and is used when comparing things. It translates into than. Kanada wa nihon yori samui desu. ã‚ «Ã£Æ'ŠãÆ'ۋ  ¯Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥ ¯â€™Ã£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- Canada is colder than Japan.Amerika wa nihon yori ookii desu. ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š «Ã£  ¯Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥ ¤ §Ã£  Ã£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- America is larger than Japan.Kanji wa hiragaba yori muzukashii desu. æ ¼ ¢Ã¥ ­â€"㠁 ¯Ã£  ²Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ Å'㠁 ªÃ£â€šË†Ã£â€šÅ Ã©â€º £Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - Kanji is more difficult than hiragana. In the song, Koinobori is the topic of the sentence (the order is changed because of the rhyme), therefore, koinobori wa yane yori takai desu é ¯â€°Ã£  ®Ã£  ¼Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ±â€¹Ã¦   ¹Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€šÅ Ã© «ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢ is a common order for this sentence. It means the koinobori is higher than the roof. The suffix ~tachi is added to make the plural form of personal pronouns. For example: watashi-tachi, anata-tachi or boku-tachi. It can also be added to some other nouns, such as kodomo-tachi (children). ~sou ni is an adverb form of ~ sou da. ~ sou da means, it appears. Kare wa totemo genki sou desu. Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã£  ¯Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- He looks very healthy.Sore wa oishisouna ringo da. 㠁 Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¯Ã£ Å Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€"㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªÃ£â€šÅ Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£ â€Ã£   Ã£â‚¬â€š- That is a delicious looking apple.Kanojo wa totemo shindosouni sokoni tatteita. Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£  ¯Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€"ん㠁 ©Ã£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  «Ã£  Ã£ â€œÃ£  «Ã§ «â€¹Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š- She was standing there looking very tired.

How to Extract Caffeine From Tea

How to Extract Caffeine From Tea Plants and other natural materials are sources of many chemicals. Sometimes you want to isolate a single compound from the thousands that may be present. Here is an example of how to use solvent extraction to isolate and purify caffeine from tea. The same principle may be used to extract other chemicals from natural sources. Caffeine From Tea: Materials List 2 tea bagsDichloromethane0.2 M NaOH (sodium hydroxide)Celite (diatomaceous earth - silicon dioxide)HexaneDiethyl ether2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol) Procedure Extraction of Caffeine: Open the tea bags and weigh the contents. This will help you determine how well your procedure worked.Place the tea leaves in a 125-ml Erlenmeyer flask.Add 20 ml dichloromethane and 10 ml 0.2 M NaOH.Extraction: Seal the flask and gently swirl it for 5-10 minutes to allow the solvent mixture to penetrate the leaves. Caffeine dissolves in the solvent, while most of the other compounds in the leaves do not. Also, caffeine is more soluble in dichloromethane than it is in water.Filtration: Use a Buchner funnel, filter paper, and Celite to use vacuum filtration to separate the tea leaves from the solution. To do this, dampen the filter paper with dichloromethane, add a Celite pad (about 3 grams Celite). Turn on the vacuum and slowly pour the solution over the Celite. Rinse the Celite with 15 ml dichloromethane. At this point, you may discard the tea leaves. Retain the liquid you have collected it contains the caffeine.In a fume hood, gently heat a 100-ml beaker containing the washings to evaporate the solvent. Purification of Caffeine: The solid that remains after the solvent has evaporated contains caffeine and several other compounds. You need to separate the caffeine from these compounds. One method is to use the different solubility of caffeine versus other compounds to purify it. Allow the beaker to cool. Wash the crude caffeine with 1 ml portions of a 1:1 mixture of hexane and diethyl ether.Carefully use a pipette to remove the liquid. Retain the solid caffeine.Dissolve the impure caffeine in 2 ml dichloromethane. Filter the liquid through a thin layer of cotton into a small test tube. Rinse the beaker twice with 0.5 ml portions of dichloromethane and filter the liquid through the cotton to minimize the loss of caffeine.in a fume hood, heat the test tube in a warm water bath (50-60 Â °C) to evaporate the solvent.Leave the test tube in the warm water bath. Add 2-propanol a drop at a time until the solid dissolves. Use the minimum amount required. This should be no more than 2 milliliters.Now you can remove the test tube from the water bath and allow it to cool to room temperature.Add 1 ml of hexane to the test tube. This will cause the caffeine to crystallize out of solution.Carefully remove the liquid using a pipette, leaving the purified caffeine.Wash the caffeine with 1 ml of a 1:1 mix of hexane and diethyl ether. Use a pipette to remove the liquid. Allow the solid to dry before weighing it to determine your yield. With any purification, its a good idea to check the melting point of the sample. This will give you an idea of how pure it is. The melting point of caffeine is 234 Â °C. Additional Methods Another way to extract caffeine from tea is to brew tea in hot water, allow it to cool to room temperature or below, and add dichloromethane to the tea. The caffeine preferentially dissolves in dichloromethane, so if you swirl the solution and allow the solvent layers to separate. you will get caffeine in the heavier dichloromethane layer. The top layer is decaffeinated tea. If you remove the dichloromethane layer and evaporate the solvent, you will get slightly impure greenish-yellow crystalline caffeine. Safety Information There are hazards associated with these and any chemicals used in a lab procedure. Be sure to read the MSDS for each chemical and wear safety goggles, a lab coat, gloves, and other appropriate lab attire. In general, be aware the solvents are flammable and should be kept away from open flames. A fume hood is used because the chemicals may be irritating or toxic. Avoid contact with sodium hydroxide solution, as it is caustic and can cause a chemical burn on contact. Although you encounter caffeine in coffee, tea, and other foods, it is toxic in relatively low doses. Dont taste your product!

The UltimateSAT Chemistry Subject TestStudy Guide

The UltimateSAT Chemistry Subject TestStudy Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips This article presents a complete SAT Chemistry study guide. I'll give you an overview of what's on the test, help you decide when to take it (or whether to take it at all), list sample questions and answers, and provide tips and resources that you can use in your studying. If you make use of the practice tools at your disposal and follow the general advice in this article, you'll be on your way to a great score! What’s the Format of the Test, and When Is It Offered? Here's a basic rundown of the structure and scoring of the Chemistry SAT Subject Test (alsoknown as the Chemistry SAT II): 60 minutes long 85 multiple-choice questions Scores range from 200 to 800 Note that subject tests still have quarter-point deductions for incorrect answers even though this policy has been abolished on the regular SAT. For every question you answer correctly you'll receive one point, no points will be awarded or deducted for questions left blank, and you'll lose 1/4 of a point for every incorrect answer.Calculator use is not permitted, but you'll have a periodic table to use for reference. The Chemistry SAT Subject Test is offered in August, October, November, December, May, and June. In other words, you can take it on every regular SAT test date except the one in March. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Should You Take the SAT Chemistry Subject Test? If you’re reading this article, you're probably planning to apply to schools that require or recommend the submission of Subject Test scores.In most of these cases, it’s best to take one Subject Test in the sciences and one in the humanities to show a range of skills. Think about your goals, interests, and academic strengths before making a final decision on which science Subject Test you'll take.Chemistry is a great option for some students, but it might be less ideal for others. Here are tworeasons to choose Chemistry as one of your SAT Subject Tests: Reason 1: You Just Took a Chemistry Class (and You Still Need a Science Subject Test) The following are the College Board’s recommendations for prerequisites before taking the Chemistry Subject Test: One-year introductory college-preparatory course in chemistry One-year course in algebra Experience in the laboratory If you just took a chemistry class (especially if it was AP), you probably won’t need to do much studying for the Subject Test.The best time to take anySubject Test is in the spring when you’re just finishing up a related class. Reason 2: You’re Super Interested in Chemistry Do you think you might be a chemistry major in college? Do you have a knack for the subject?Taking the Subject Test is a good way to demonstrate your passion.If you have other achievements in high school that are related to chemistry, taking the Subject Test will help you present an even clearer picture of your goals and interests to colleges. A glimpse into your future. Or is it...your past? *cue Twilight Zone theme* What’s on the Chemistry SAT II? Here’s a brief content overview of the Chemistry SAT Subject Test. I’ve listed the topics in descending order according to their prevalence on the test: Topic Percentage of Test Structure of matter (atomic structure, molecular structure, bonding) 25% States of matter (gases, liquids and solids, solutions) 16% Reaction types (acids and bases, oxidation-reduction, precipitation) 14% Stoichiometry (mole concept, chemical equations) 14% Descriptive chemistry (periodic trends, nomenclature, predicting products of reactions) 12% Lab practices (equipment and measurements, scientific method, data interpretation) 8% Thermochemistry (calorimetry, enthalpy and phase changes, entropy) 6% Equilibrium and reaction rates (equilibrium systems, rates of reactions) 5% The College Board also breaks down questions by skill on this Subject Test: Skill Percentage of Test Application of knowledge 45% Synthesis of knowledge 35% Fundamental concepts and knowledge 20% The most common questions, at 45 percent of the test, are application of knowledge questions. These questions ask you to apply your knowledge of chemistry to scenarios presented on the test. Synthesis of knowledge questions, at 35 percent of the test, will ask you to draw conclusions based on data provided by the test as well as your background knowledge of chemistry. Only twenty percent of questions test fundamental concepts and knowledge. These questions are focused on basicfactual recall. To break down these skills even further, questions will test your: Understanding of the major concepts of chemistry and ability to apply principles to solve specific problems Ability to organize and interpret results from observation and experimentation, and to draw conclusions or make inferences from experimental data, including data presented in graphs and/or tables Laboratory experience and familiarity with the metric system Ability to handle simple algebraic relationships and apply these to solving word problems Familiarity with the concepts of ratio, direct and inverse proportions, exponents, and scientific notations Most of the test involves analysis and data interpretation.As I mentioned earlier, eighty percent of questions require either application or synthesis of knowledge, and only twenty percent are straightforward â€Å"what is this† type questions.In the next section, I’ll provide examples of the various question formats you'll see on the test. Question Formats on the Chemistry Subject Test The College Board groups questions on the Chemistry SAT Subject Test into three different formats: Format 1: Five-Choice Completion These are what I would consider â€Å"normal† multiple choice questions. They're stand-alone questions that simply ask you to choose the correct answer out of five choices. In some cases, you'll geta list of threestatements labeled with roman numerals and will be asked to decide which ones are true (if any).Here’s an example of a question in that format: Before looking at the answer choices, we need to go through each of the statements and decide which ones are true based on the diagram: Statement I appears to be true because the exposed mercury surface is open to the air. There wouldn't be any pressure besides atmospheric pressure pushing down on that side. Statement II also appears to be true because the mercury level on the right side of the manometer is higher than the level on the left side. Statement III is not true because the pressure of the gas wouldn’t be equal to h, it would be equal to the atmospheric pressure PLUS h.H is just the difference between the two pressures. Now that we’ve decided only I and II are true, we can bubble in answer choice C! Format 2: Classification For these types of questions, you'll see one list of choices that applies to a group of several questions. Each choice can be used more than once or not at all.In other words, your answer to any individual question could also be the answer to other questions in a given group.Here’s an example: As you can see, questions that are formatted this way tend to be more straightforward. They're just identification questions.For this one, you need to understand how compounds are named and what their atomic symbols are. Answers: A C A In this case, one of the choices was used twice. This happens frequently, so don’t freak out if you think a choice applies to more than one question in the group. Format 3: Relationship Analysis This is the weirdest type of question you’ll see on the test.Each question is comprised of two statements that are connected to each other by the word â€Å"BECAUSE.†The format is â€Å"This process or property occurs because of this fundamental chemical fact.†Here’s an example: The first step is deciding whether each part of the statement is true or false.If both or either of the statements are false, you can ignore the Correct Explanation (CE) circle. If they're both true, you may have to fill in the special CE circle.However, that will not always be the case, so consider the logic of the full statement carefully even if both parts are true! There will be a special section labeled â€Å"Chemistry† in the lower left-handcorner of your answer sheet where you can fill in your responses to these questions.It looks like this: Your responses will look something like this: As you can see, for sample question 103, both statements are true, but the CE circle is left un-bubbled.Potassium has a lower first ionization energy than lithium, meaning it’s easier for the one electron in its outer shell to get pulled away.Lithium’s unpaired electron is closer to the nucleus, so it’s held more tightly by the nucleus' gravitational pull.The first statement is definitely true. Now let’s look at the second statement in isolation: â€Å"potassium has more protons in its nucleus than lithium has.†This is also true.Potassium has 19 protons, and lithium only has three. Both statements are true on their own, but now we have to decide whether the second statement is a correct explanation of the first.In this case, it isn't! The ionization energy doesn’t increase based on the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.It’s a factor of how loosely held and how far away from the nucleus the outermost electrons of the atom are.Atoms that hold unpaired electrons that are farther away from the nucleus will have lower first ionization energies. For lithium and potassium, both have unpaired electrons in their outermost orbitals, but potassium has a lower ionization energy because its electrons are farther away from the nucleus (4s orbital vs. 2s orbital).It’s about proximity to the nucleus, not number of protons.The CE oval should stay blank! Here are some electrons zooming around the nucleus of a particularly groovy atom. Where to Find Chemistry Subject Test Practice Materials Here I'll list a few different resources, both in print and online, that you can use to practice your skills for the SAT Subject Test in Chemistry. You should always return to official College Board questions (which you can find on the College Board website as the first listing under Online Resources) in your studying to verify that you're up to speed with the format of the test, but unofficial practice is still helpful for learning the content. Review Books If you want to add structure to your studying, you might consider buying a review book or a book of practice questions. Areview book containing content that's specifically tailored to the Chemistry SAT II can improve the efficiency of your studying. Here are someof the most popular ones: Barron's SAT Subject Test Chemistry 14th Edition Cracking the SAT Chemistry Subject Test (Princeton Review) Sterling Test Prep SAT Chemistry Practice Questions Official SAT Subject Test in Chemistry Study Guide Online Resources College Board Website You can practice questions in all the formats you’ll see on the test here.There are only 13 questions, but they can help you get a feel for the test.You should also check out this document that has all the information you need for the test (and other subject tests if you’re interested) along with more sample questions. CrackSAT There are tons of different quizzes here on various topics in chemistry.You won’t find any of the Relationship Analysis true-false questions, but this is still overall a pretty good resource for regular multiple choice questions. Albert.IO This site haspractice questions for all topicsyou might come across on the exam.Questions are also divided by difficulty level. Once you get all the hard questions right, you’ll know that you’ve truly mastered the material. SparkNotes SparkNotes has practice quizzes on every topic with detailed answer explanations.These quizzes aren’t automatically scored like some others on this list, but the way it goes over the reasoning for each choice in detail makes it a worthwhile resource. ReasonPrep YouTube Videos These videos walk you through the answers to sample questions found on official practice tests and in the official review book. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. 5 SAT Chemistry Study Tips This section lists five study strategies that are critical for this test. You should have these tips in the back of your mind at all times as you review the material! Tip 1: Identify Your Weaknesses The Chemistry SAT II may test some information that your teacher didn’t cover in class.Review all the content areas listed above to make sure you have a handle on everything.It’s a smart idea to take a diagnostic test before you start studying to form a clearer picture of where your knowledge is lacking. I'd recommend using one that comes directly from the College Board so that the content and format of the test is represented accurately. Tip 2: Replicate Test Conditions When you answer practice questions and take practice tests, adhere to the same standards as the real test environment.Don't use a calculator, and have a periodic table on hand for reference.If you’re taking a full practice test, you should also time yourself.Sticking to appropriate test conditions is the only way to reliably estimate your score level! Tip 3: Plan Your Time Wisely Your studying timeline should be informed by how recently you learned the material in class and how well you perform on an initial diagnostic test. If you find that you need to improve by 150 points or more, plan to spend some extra time reviewing the material. I'd estimate about 20 hours of study time to get yourself up to speed - if you start two months in advance, that's just two hours a week. Not so bad! If you're already within 50 points or so of where you want to be, a quicker review should suffice. You could probably spend less than ten hours going over the material. Make sure you get to a point where you feel very confident with the question formats in case nervousness interferes with your performance (which brings me to the next tip). Tip 4: Practice Relationship Analysis Questions Make sure you understand how these questions work prior to the test.They take a little bit of getting used to if you’ve never encountered them before.Try to use some practice resources that include these types of questions in addition to five-choice completion and classification questions. It's especially important to practice interpreting the statements together and on their own and keeping the two processes separate. That CE circle is a little bit tricky! Tip 5: Don't Go Overboard You should only study concepts that you know will be tested. There's no need to memorize a year's worth of material for an hour-long multiple-choice test. I'd recommend dividing your time equally between reviewing topics in your notes and doing practice questions that replicate the format of the subject test. The biggest challenge for you may be time rather than background knowledge, especially if you're fresh out of a chemistry class.You shouldn't focus too much on memorizing all your chemistry notes and doing involved practice problems. Remember, you can't even use a calculator on this test, so you won't have to solve any elaborate math problems. "What's that weird squiggly?" and "Why are there little numbers next to the letters?" are both questions you should be able to answer before taking this Subject Test. 4 Test-Taking Tips for SAT Chemistry This section lists four additional tips that you can implement as you take practice tests (and, ultimately, when you sit down for the real thing). Tip 1: Stay Calm Since you can’t use a calculator on the test, many of these questions involve combining common sense with basic chemistry knowledge.If you come across a question about a diagram or experimental scenario that you’ve never seen before, don’t freak out. Just read the question carefully.In almost all of these cases, you’ll find that your existing knowledge is enough to guide you to the correct answer. Even if you don't fully understand what’s going on in the experiment, if you have a solid understanding of chemistry, you can make deductions to arrive at the solution. Tip 2: Do the Easiest Classification Questions First When you get to a group of classification questions,answer the ones that seem obvious first so you're using your time efficiently.Don’t feel like you have to complete them in order. If you get the easy ones out of the way in ten seconds, you’ll have more time to think about the questions in the group that are more challenging for you. Tip 3: Read Relationship Analysis Questions Methodically Relationship Analysis questions are different from most questions on SAT Subject Tests, so they can be confusing.Read carefully, and decide whether each stand-alone statement is true before thinking about whether the second statement is a correct explanation of the first. You'll save yourself some time if you find that one of the statements is false (and makes the CE bubble irrelevant)! Tip 4: Don’t Guess Randomly As I mentioned in the first section of this article, the guessing penalty still exists on SAT Subject Tests.This means that you need to avoid guessing if you have no clue which answer choice is correct.Guessing is only advisable if you can narrow down your choices to four or fewer possibilities.Otherwise, you’re better off leaving the question blank. Come back here, metaphor for the correct answer choice! Conclusion TheSAT Chemistry Subject Test is an hour-long multiple-choice examthat contains 85 questions and is scored out of 800. It's offered on all the regular SAT test dates except March. Topics on the test include: Structure of matter States of matter Reaction types Stoichiometry Descriptive chemistry Lab practices Thermochemistry Equilibrium and reaction rates Most questions will test your ability to analyze different experimental scenarios and draw conclusions. The questions come in three formats: Five-choice completion Classification Relationship analysis When you study for the test, five tips to keep in mind are: Identify your weaknesses Replicate real testing conditions Plan out your studying wisely Practice lots of relationship analysis questions Don't over-study When you take the test (or a full practice test), you should be sure to: Stay calm Do easier classification questions first Read carefully on relationship analysis questions Avoid guessing unless you're down to just two choices Use the online resources and review books listed in this article to brush up on your skills. You should have no problem acing this test if you know what to expect! What's Next? Get started on your chemistry reviewing with our guide to balancing chemical equations. Alternatively, apply chemistry to your life by learning how to make three different types of slime or how to use muriatic acid for household cleaning. Are you thinking you might take the Biology Subject Test instead of Chemistry? Do you plan on taking both? If so, check out my ultimate study guide for SAT Biology E/M! You might be wondering whether AP tests or SAT Subject Tests carry more weight in the admissions process. Learn more about the differences between AP tests and SAT Subject Tests, and find out how much each type matters for you. If you're still on the fence about whether or not to take the Chemistry Subject Test, read our expert guide to help you decide which Subject Tests are your best bets based on your college goals. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Writing and childrens learning in the 21st century Essay

Writing and childrens learning in the 21st century - Essay Example However, as a result, this might create pedagogic implications to a practitioner. In the 21st century, technology has been encouraged to be used throughout the learning activities in the classroom (Eristi et al, 2012). Throughout the 21st century, there has been an extensive use of technology. This is particularly true with the manner in which technology has been introduced to the classrooms and is still developing further. Hence, many of the learners in today’s society, including those in primary years are involved in using technology of some sort, whether inside or outside the classroom. Most of the technologies that have been implemented in the classrooms include projectors, smart white boards and Ipads as well. Thus, as with the implementation of these technologies, it is vital that students’ learning process deal with technology. According to the Board of Studies Syllabus, (2012), it is a key component. Through an objective A, ‘communicate through speaking, listening, reading, writing, viewing and representing’ the outcomes in the classrooms do indicate the use of technology. This is seen through outcomes, ENe-3A, EN1-3A, EN2-3A, EN3-3A, (Board of Studies, 2012). Most importantly is that, as the learners are involved in technology, they get to create texts for different reasons and audiences. For instance, learners may use their computers at home to compose a text as a message to a friend on a blog. However, while in the classroom, the learner may use the classroom computer to write a story or even analyse literary texts found online. Thus, while at home, the learner creates a text using technology for different purposes and different audiences, whereas in the classroom, the audience is the teacher who is expected to read the story and award marks based on the performance of the student. At home the audience is a friend whom the child probably is chatting with. When children experience the learning required of them or

Metformin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metformin - Essay Example Metformin needs not be used during surgery.Intake of metformin needs to be avoided before or after any surgery,e.g. Dental surgery. Doctor who is about to carry out the surgery should be provided with the knowledge of patient`s consumption of metformin.. Around 48 hours are prescribed by the doctor to wait for the medical procedure to start again. If any of the following symptoms is experienced by the patient after taking metformin then the doctor should be contacted immediately. Extreme tiredness, stomach ache, dizziness, fast or slow heartbeat, weakness, nausea, vomiting, deep and rapid breathing or shortness of breath; dizziness, lightheadedness, flushing of the skin; muscle pain or feeling cold. Consumption of alcohol needs to be mentioned too. The patient need not carry out heavy drinking. Use of alcohol may lead to development of lactic acidosis or may result in a rapid decrease in blood sugar.A geriatric patient is requested not to take metformin without the doctor`s prescript ion. The adult`s medical history is extremely important as the use of the metformin may lead to several unfortunate consequences, worsening the patient`s condition. Adults aging over 80 years old may develop a chance of life-threatening condition called lactic acidosis. If the geriatric patient has experienced stroke, diabetic ketoacidosis, or coma, heart, liver and kidney diseases.  If the following symptoms are experienced during the consumption of metformin, then the doctor should be visited soon.

Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Descartes - Essay Example Thus, the dream argument seeks to establish that, inference of the accuracy of information is not entirely a decision that humans can rely on the senses, rather, it is essential to apply rigorous testing to determine their authenticity. The dream argument is a postulation by Descartes. He argues that the act of dreaming is a preliminary evidence of the possibility that the senses that people rely on to make a distinction between reality and illusions are not trustworthy. He further seeks to show that, there is the need for further evaluation of the senses and their perceptions to establish the facts of reality. In the usual life, people dream as they sleep (Descartes 9). However, in these dreams, the people perceive and feel things as though they are real. The people, while in the dream, do not have the knowledge that they are dreaming, they only come to realize they were dreaming when they wake. Thus, this then raises the basis of the dream argument as Descartes presents it, that, there is the possibility that people are constantly dreaming and never wake into reality. Moreover, there is a possibility that people cannot ascertain whether they are in the dream or awake in their engagements. In this first meditation, he presents what is in doubt, opening the mediation with several falsehoods that believed in his life and further faulting of the knowledge that he built on those falsehoods. The mediator sweeps all his former knowledge away, sits himself and decides to build up his knowledge. However, as he realizes from so doing, he establishes that, all the things that he learned in the past came through his senses. He continues further to doubt the foundations of all opinions that he founded on his senses, acknowledging that the senses can deceive. To illustrate his argument, Descartes presents the dream argument using the

Strategic Company Analysis on The Body Shop Research Paper - 2

Strategic Company Analysis on The Body Shop - Research Paper Example The Body Shop works in a clean environment where they have managed to keep their competitive edge. They work is a diverse environment and they also aim to encourage a healthy environment in the world by working against torture of any kind to humans and animals.  Marketing activities are influenced by several factors inside and outside the business firm. These factors or forces influencing marketing decision-making are collectively called the marketing environment. It comprises all these factors, which have an impact on the market and marketing efforts of the Body Shop.  Macro environment refers to those factors, which are external forces in the company’s activities and do not concern the immediate environment. The macro environment is uncontrollable factors, which indirectly affect the concerns ability to operate in the market effectively.  Forces in an organization’s general environment have profound effects on its task environment. In fact, managers must constan tly analyze forces in the general environment because these affect long term decision-making.  PEST analysis for the general environment are including economic forces; social, cultural, demographic and environmental forces; political, government, and legal forces; technological forces; competitive forces; and Global forces.  Michael Porter created the Five Forces Model to help managers identify forces in the environment that are potential threats. According to Porter, the nature of competitiveness in a given industry can be viewed as a composite of five forces.

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business law - Assignment Example The two cases include breaches of contracts by the High Street phone shop and Nokia Phone Company. In the hotel case, the rule of liability applies where a management distances itself from responsibilities. In the phone case, customers and the dealers breach the contract. The customers have made a deal with the company and it denies. This piece of work comprehensively discusses the two cases with reference to business law. Relevant issues For any case to be filed in a court there must be relevant issues. The issues form basis for the court proceedings. In this scenario, a customer of a hotel has filed a complaint for her stolen valuables. The court must use relevant laws that are applicable to business. The customer is right to claim her properties. Though the management put a notice distancing itself from any responsibilities, the court must reconsider this provision. The goods disappeared in the hotel premises and the customer has the right to claim them or file a suit against the hotel. Freda had an important issue to attend to that gullies hotel must consider. The rule of good ethics can apply in this situation because any organization must be responsible for whatever happens in its premise (Young 2009, p.1). For sure, the customer’ valuables may have fallen into the hands of room service. The hotel is therefore compelled to explain the behaviours of its staff and it makes them responsible for the customer’s loss. Rules of law applicable to the facts of the problem The rule of legal liability applies to this case. It is defined as â€Å"obligations under law arising from the civil actions (torts) or under contract† (Antoine 2008, p.440). The courts make decisions even if the parties have decided to settle the case out of the court trough mutual agreement. Liability insurance covers torts originated liabilities and not contractual obligations. The law of that applies in this case is â€Å"duty to guest† (Scwenzer, Hachem & Kee 201 2, p.128). A common law binds innkeepers to bear responsibility if a guest looses a property while at the premise. The requirements are often contained in the innkeeper’s statute (Antoine 2008, p.510). This statute lies where the management and its staff can easily access it. It is a law that makes the hotel avoids paying liabilities to customers. However, the law can be reviewed when the court applies it to Freda’s case. For any lost property, there must be a claim. If the court decides against her, then it must also consider the future behaviour of the hotel. The management might make it a habit of not absconding responsibility to ethically wrong practices in its premise. The claimant is right to claim her belongings and the hotel must pay them. In summary, the law of guest property applies in the hotel industry but is subject to consideration if the situation implies that the management is irresponsible. The customer has suffered a loss in the hotel while attending to another important duty. In this case, a business meeting that needed her presence. May be in the process of attending the meeting, she forgot all her belonging or it would be improper to carry them to the place. The hotel is therefore responsible for the stolen property and must make payments. It is advisable for Freda to file the case in court. The hotel industry is same as hospitality industry. It should show some hospitality to customers. If Freda is does not receive compensation then it will bring a bad reputation to the whole industry. Customers closely

Unilever Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Unilever Company - Essay Example The current nonexecutive director of the dual companies is Michael Treschow while the chief executive of the company is Paul Polman. The company has a sizeable slice in London stock exchange and has a rank of the eighteenth position in the stock exchange as at the close of 2011 (Murphy 2009). Back ground information Unilever Company began its operations at the start of 1930. The pioneers include Samuel Bergh, Antonius Johannes Jurgen and William Lever. This was through the amalgamation of two businesses, where the British soap makers who were the Level brothers came together with the Dutch margarine producer who was Margarine Unie in 1927. The amalgamation of the two companies was strategic in terms of the commercial benefit it would provide. This is basing on the fact that, for the production of margarine and soaps, there would be a requirement of palm oil thus the importation of palm oil, which was a key raw material, would be fast and in large quantities. This would help reduce th e number of times the product would require transportation as well as reduce the custom taxes due to importation. The palm oil in use by the companies was from Belgian Congo, where they had procurement of seven fifty thousand hectares of the forest land from where there was the extraction of palm oil. This was by labourers whose working conditions were poor as well as the labourers getting low pay. At the beginning of 1930, the Unilever business empire went global opening branches in Latin America and Africa where the initial business had taken root. During the year, there was acquiring of restraints so as to increase the company’s operations, soon after acquiring the shares, there was the sale of shares by the management so as to make an expansion in the operations of the business. By then the company was making edible fats and soaps leading to much income by the business. The purchasing of the Chesebrough-pond’s company, there was strengthening of Unilever Company. T he expansion of the Company was due to purchasing of Calvin Klein Company that was in the making of Cosmetics as well as the Farbege and Elizabeth Arden companies. The expansion has led to making of a headquarters for all its operation worldwide which is in London. The name rises up fully in the 1990s, and getting a complete charter and becoming the Unilever Company (Wilson 2009). Issues in staffing and training and development The company has the right staffing solution. To get a preview on this, there is consideration of the various issues that the company has put into place including; compliance where the employees sign contracts that show there compliance in working towards a common goal for the well being of the business. Compliance is essential for the development of the organisation in that the employees know what the management requires thus works hard to comply with the standards of the company set by the management. Another issue is retention where the company retains the working conditions of the company, by ensuring that the employees work in an able environment thus they do not have to move to other fields. Retention of their initial name and logo has come ensures that the company

Business law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business law - Assignment Example The two cases include breaches of contracts by the High Street phone shop and Nokia Phone Company. In the hotel case, the rule of liability applies where a management distances itself from responsibilities. In the phone case, customers and the dealers breach the contract. The customers have made a deal with the company and it denies. This piece of work comprehensively discusses the two cases with reference to business law. Relevant issues For any case to be filed in a court there must be relevant issues. The issues form basis for the court proceedings. In this scenario, a customer of a hotel has filed a complaint for her stolen valuables. The court must use relevant laws that are applicable to business. The customer is right to claim her properties. Though the management put a notice distancing itself from any responsibilities, the court must reconsider this provision. The goods disappeared in the hotel premises and the customer has the right to claim them or file a suit against the hotel. Freda had an important issue to attend to that gullies hotel must consider. The rule of good ethics can apply in this situation because any organization must be responsible for whatever happens in its premise (Young 2009, p.1). For sure, the customer’ valuables may have fallen into the hands of room service. The hotel is therefore compelled to explain the behaviours of its staff and it makes them responsible for the customer’s loss. Rules of law applicable to the facts of the problem The rule of legal liability applies to this case. It is defined as â€Å"obligations under law arising from the civil actions (torts) or under contract† (Antoine 2008, p.440). The courts make decisions even if the parties have decided to settle the case out of the court trough mutual agreement. Liability insurance covers torts originated liabilities and not contractual obligations. The law of that applies in this case is â€Å"duty to guest† (Scwenzer, Hachem & Kee 201 2, p.128). A common law binds innkeepers to bear responsibility if a guest looses a property while at the premise. The requirements are often contained in the innkeeper’s statute (Antoine 2008, p.510). This statute lies where the management and its staff can easily access it. It is a law that makes the hotel avoids paying liabilities to customers. However, the law can be reviewed when the court applies it to Freda’s case. For any lost property, there must be a claim. If the court decides against her, then it must also consider the future behaviour of the hotel. The management might make it a habit of not absconding responsibility to ethically wrong practices in its premise. The claimant is right to claim her belongings and the hotel must pay them. In summary, the law of guest property applies in the hotel industry but is subject to consideration if the situation implies that the management is irresponsible. The customer has suffered a loss in the hotel while attending to another important duty. In this case, a business meeting that needed her presence. May be in the process of attending the meeting, she forgot all her belonging or it would be improper to carry them to the place. The hotel is therefore responsible for the stolen property and must make payments. It is advisable for Freda to file the case in court. The hotel industry is same as hospitality industry. It should show some hospitality to customers. If Freda is does not receive compensation then it will bring a bad reputation to the whole industry. Customers closely

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay Example for Free

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay The process of how an individual learns is based on the theories surrounding behaviorism, conditioning, modeling and self regulation. Students can be problematic if proper resolutions aren’t put in place when a dilemma arises. There is a great emphasis on the importance and relevance in motivating the students in the classroom. Without the knowledge of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and what drives students to learn, teachers may not know what inspires or how to encourage students to work to the best of their ability. Teachers must portray themselves in a professional manner at all times, whether they are dealing with students, parents or colleagues. Professionalism can be defined in several ways and some characteristics of a professional teacher include being committed to learners in a way that incorporates a code of ethics, have the ability to make routine and efficient decisions in a complex and ill-defined situation, conduct a critical self examination of one’s teachings, i. . reflective practice, and acquire the element of professional knowledge to constantly improve, develop and expand one’s methods of teaching to maximize learning environments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp, 4 – 6). One obstacle a teacher may face is if he or she gets asked a question that they don’t know the answer to. Students look up to teachers and depend on them for the knowledge they require (Yero, J. L. , 2002. P173). Understanding each topic is simply not enough; a teacher needs to be able to represent topics in an understandable way that is appropriate to the age of the learner. For example, the solution to explaining how to multiply numbers is to firstly acquire the knowledge of content then illustrate how to multiply the numbers. This is referred to as pedagogical knowledge. Pedagogical knowledge requires the teacher to understand principles of instructional strategies and classroom management. Involving each student in the learning process in order to enhance productive learning comes with knowledge and experience. Instructional strategies that promote productive learning include: selecting topics that are important for students to learn, provide clear learning objectives and prepare learning activities respectively, design assessments that relate to the workload and maintain the instructional alignment between the three, i. e. the connection between learning objectives, learning activities and assessments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp390 – 394). A teacher must have a positive and caring attitude, be organized, communicate effectively, respect and encourage rather than punish and constantly question and prompt incorrect answers to manage a productive classroom (Nelson, J. , Lott, L. Glen, S. p20-27). Identifying clear standards of acceptable behavior i. e. rules, be supportive to each student and create a sense of equilibrium are all strategies to ensure a produc tive and manageable classroom. The aim of all teachers is to promote as much learning as possible. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that learning is â€Å"influenced by stimuli from the environment† (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p,164). For example, feeling nervous before an exam is a learned behavior due to previous experiences/knowledge of exams. This feeling is involuntary to the individual, and it is referred to as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can be positive or negative, depending on which, it can have different effects on the learner. If the teacher uses positive reinforcement within the classroom the students will gradually associate learning to the teacher’s manner and thus feel safe within the classroom resulting in a productive learning environment. In contrast negative or non-reinforcement results in the cessation of a behavior and results in a classroom environment that is not productive. Children learn acceptable behaviors through observing adults, therefore teachers are role models, and it is important for a teacher to demonstrate respect, tolerance, and values to motivate learning (Call, N. Featherstone, S. 2004 p. 47). Cognitive modeling is essential to the learning process as teachers use this to perform a demonstration and verbalize the thinking behind the actions taken (Eggan, P. Kauchak. D. , 2010. p. 182). An obstacle one may face is if some children are having trouble learning how to pass a netball to one another. Often, children instinctively bounce the ball, instead of passing it, as clas sical conditioning has taught them to do so from a young age. The teacher must describe one’s thoughts of how to pass a netball, whilst performing the action, which in turn encourages students to verbalize their understandings in any situation, resulting in a productive learning environment. Modeling is the key concept of social cognitive theory. Cognitive, behavioral and emotional change in children is a result of observing models. Modeling affects people by learning new behaviors, facilitating existing behaviors, changing inhibitions and by arousing emotions (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 183). These observations lead to learner expectations, which in turn are accomplished through self-regulation. Settings goals and monitoring that progress is an essential element of learning. The student observes another student passing the netball. He then models the observation, uses that experience to expand his knowledge thus takes responsibility and control of his learning. Teaching is constantly developing and changing, and the need for motivation is a necessary procedure to support and increase student learning and the teaching process. A common obstacle teacher’s face is how to motivate uninterested and unengaged students. Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need or expect their instructors to inspire, challenge and stimulate them. An unmotivated student is likely to choose work that is inappropriately easy, show a negative attitude, give up quickly and leave tasks unfinished. This can disrupt the students around him and cause interruptions in the learning environment (Nelson, J. Lott L. , Glenn, S. 1997 p. 72). There are two broad forms of motivation; extrinsic – where some students will be motivated by the approval of others, for example, by getting a good grade, and intrinsic motivation, where the learner studies in order to understand the content presented to them because they like the challenge and want to perform (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 287). To encourage students to become self motivated and independent learners, teachers can give frequent, early, positive feedback. This supports the students beliefs’ that they can, and are doing well as viewed by the humanistic theory of motivation. The teacher can also help students find personal meaning and value in the material as viewed by cognitive and social cognitive theory of motivation, and create an atmosphere that is open and positive which help students feel that they are a valued member of the learning community which is based on the socioculural theory of motivation. In addition, a teacher can ensure opportunities for students’ success by assigning tasks that are neither too easy nor too difficult which is a view shared by behaviorist theories (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 289). It must be understood that individuals are motivated through a wide variety of needs. While teachers can’t make or teach students to be self-motivated, they can encourage and promote this highly desirable trait. To conclude, there are many solutions to the obstacles a teacher may face in a learning environment. A teacher should act and approach a classroom with a professional attitude and an academic manner by being knowledgeable and recognizing the importance for assessing oneself. Teachers must be aware of the influence they make on students’ learning and how to promote positive and engaging classroom environments in order to solve the dilemmas they may be presented with in regards to behaviors students display. Furthermore, teachers need to understand that the process of motivation stems from stimulation, which in turn is followed by an emotional reaction that leads to either a positive or negative behavioral response. By understanding the theories based on solutions to the problems a teacher may face in the classroom, they may have a better chance at expecting when a problem may arise, and resolve the situation immediately.

Social Inequalities Of Indigenous People

Social Inequalities Of Indigenous People It would be hard to deny that for one of the smaller representing populations in Australia Indigenous Australians are the most disadvantaged in many areas ranging from employment, housing, justice and education among many more. There have been various attempts at overcoming the disadvantages Aboriginal people face. For the purposes of this literature review different literature will be discussed around addressing the social inequality and disadvantage of indigenous people in relation to improving on the gap in life expectancy and what fundamental elements need to be considered for the process to work effectively. Views of what has brought about the low life expectancy will be discussed to highlight the importance of were actions should be targeted. This will then be followed by a review of what actions are in place at the moment. There are competing ideas in the literature as to what is the cause for the life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians, which also give different arguments as to how to address the problem, with one side taking a view of longevity and the other a holistic approach. It is argued that Indigenous Australians health disparities could be narrowed with the improvement of the disparities in health service access, provision and use. As The inabilities to gain sufficient health care due to, distance, cultural and availability barriers has lead to indigenous health problems being constant and prolonged (Healey 2002). However Eades of the of the Indigenous health research unit (2000,p.468) argues that a comprehensive approach to improving the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders involves understanding the close relationships between their social and economic status and their health. This holistic view of the social and economical status of Aboriginal people being improved upon to overcome health problems can be further reinforced through explanations of how psychological and social influences affect physical health and longevity (Wilkinson and Marmount 2003) in which it is stated life expectancy is shorter and most diseases are more common further down the social ladder in each society. Health policy must tackle the social and economical determinants of health (p.10). McMurray and Param (2008) readdress the primary health care aspect and bring in the notion that cultural specific guidelines with-in health structures is the key in improving Aboriginal health. This however ignores the h istorical issues between Indigenous and non indigenous relations that affect the life expectancy gap as the situation for indigenous Australians is further exacerbated by racism and prejudice, which have marginalised them from various aspects of social and community life, with additional detrimental effects on health (Eades 2000, p.469) and in effect the fear among Aboriginal people of institutional racism (Sweet 2003). Experiences of loss of traditional roles, a history of conflict and dispossession, failed assimilation and passive welfare are not isolated to indigenous Australians but have been experienced by indigenous peoples of other countries who have been colonised (Banks 2007). The statistics show however that indigenous Australians life expectancy compared to that of non- indigenous Australians to be considerably lower with men 11.5yrs difference women 9.7 yrs (Australian Bureau of statistics, 2010) were as the longevity gap between MÄ ori and non-MÄ ori has closed slightly. The difference in life expectancy at birth of 8.2 years in 2005-07 compares with 8.5 years in 2000-02 and 9.1 years in 1995-97 (statistics New Zealand 2008). Centres for Disease Control and Preventions (2010) also show the life expectancy gap in the U.S for Black or African American People to be somewhat lower than Australias and has been also closing slightly as at 1995 the gap was 7 years for both sexes and at 2005 has been reduced to 5.1 years. As it has been established that health can be a reflection social determinants, it would be fare to say that the social status and relations of international indigenous people are further along than Australia. Canada, New Zealand and The United States all have specifically designed treaties of political, legal and cultural significance which were designed in consultation with the Indigenous peoples that have established indigenous and non-indigenous relations with governments using treaties and treaty-making as part of a wider approach to developing a better relationship with and addressing the socio-economic problems of indigenous peoples (Brennan et al. 2005, p.99). In Australia there are no such treaties and often the commonwealth and state governments have a different belief in how the gap in life expectancy can be overcome to that of many indigenous Australians. This can be seen through the use of policies relating to indigenous affairs. A health impact assessment of the current governments Northern territory Emergency Response (NTER) points out that the Aboriginal understanding of health as having five dimensions cultural, spiritual, social, emotional and physical-within which are a number of layers that reflect historical, traditional and contemporary influences on health (OMara 2010,p.547). It is needed that Indigenous people have greater control over these dimension of their daily lives in order for the indigenous disadvantage to be improved (Maddison 2009). However the summary of findings from the assessment conclude that because of the lack of consultation with the Aboriginal communities and ignoring of cultural elements, the NTER is un likely to be effective in its aim of improving physical health and improving the social and environmental determinants of health as The HIA predicts that improvements in physical health may be outweighed by negative impacts on the psychological health, spirituality, and cultural integrity of a high proportion of the Aboriginal population in prescribed communities (Australian Indigenous Doctors Association and Centre for Health Equity Training 2010, p.65). There is an evidence base around the relationship between social detriments and psychological and physical health, with implications on health, through the addressing of those social detriments. Within indigenous communities outside Australia, social factors of cultural significance have and continue to be address through consultations with Governments. It is in these countries that statistics show improvements in life expectancy of the Indigenous population. Were as in Australia were this type of consultation and cultural consideration is absent in Governments initiatives and policies the gap in life expectancy in Australia continues to be a constant burden of Australian indigenous peoples. With the NTER which like past policies also excludes indigenous peoples involvment, being the Governments latest attempt at overcoming the status of appalling health among Australian Aborigines, the gap can be expected to continue. Asked about the governments priorities, indigenous affairs minister Jenny Macklin said that there will be little progress made by spending money on indigenous health without first addressing the chronic social problems that have been eating away at Aboriginal society (Dart 2008, p.247). References Australian Bureau of statistics 2010, The Health and Welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Canberra, Viewed 19 October 2010, http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/lookup/437BB6CD9D0BCDB8CA2577300017FB8F?opendocument Australian Indigenous Doctors Association and Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation 2010, Health Impact Assessment of the Northern Territory Emergency Response , Canberra, viewed 19 October 2010 http://www.aida.org.au/viewpublications.aspx?id=3. Banks, G 2007, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage in Australia, Australian Government Productivity commission, Canberra, viewed 19 October 2010, http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/64584/cs20070629.pdf Brennan, S, Behrendt, L, Strelein, L Williams, G 2005, Treaty, The Federation Press, Sydney, NSW. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2010, Table 26. Life expectancy at birth, at 65 years of age, and at 75 years of age, by race and sex: United States, selected years 1900-2005, U.S, Viewed 19 October, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf#026 Dart, J 2008, Australias disturbing health disparities set Aboriginals apart, Bulletin of the World Health Organization,vol.86, no.4, pp.245-247, viewed 5 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Eades, S 2000, Reconciliation, Social Equity and Indigenous Health, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol.172, viewed 8 October 2010, pp.468-469. Healey, J (ed.) 2002, Aboriginal Disadvantage, The Spinney Press, NSW. Maddison, S 2009, Australia: Indigenous Autonomy Matters, Development, vol.52, no. 4, pp.483-489, viewed 19 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. McMurray, A Param, R 2008, Culture Specific Care for Indigenous People: A Primary Health Care Perspective, Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, vol. 28, pp.165-172, viewed 22 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. OMara, P 2010, Health Impacts of the Northern Territory Intervention: After the Intervention Editorial, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol .192, no.10, viewed 8 October 2010, pp.546-548, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/192_10_170510/oma10307_fm.pdf. Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa 2008, New Zealand Life Tables: 2005-2007, New Zealand, Viewed 19 October 2010, http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/health/life_expectancy/NZLifeTables_HOTP05-07.aspx Sweet, M 2003, Carrying a Heavy Burden, BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol.327, no.7412, pp.414-414, viewed 5 October 2010, retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Wilkinson, R Marmot, M (eds.) 2003, Social Determinants of Health The solid Facts, 2nd edn, WHO, Copenhagen, Viewed 23 October 2010, retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-publish/abstracts/social-determinants-of-health.-the-solid-facts.

Critos Argument Essay -- essays research papers

The purpose of "Crito" seems intended to exhibit the character of Socrates in one light only, not as the philosopher, fulfilling a divine mission and trusting in the will of Heaven, but simply as the good citizen, who, having been unjustly condemned is willing to give up his life in obedience to the laws of the State. The main argument that seems to entail the discussion between Crito and Socrates is the opinion of the majority on Socrates’ fate. In the "Crito" Socrates states, "Why should we care so much for what the majority think?" (Plato 45) Socrates believes that we should not care what the majority thinks because those who are reasonable people will understand. However, Crito’s counter-argument to this is that the majority can cause great harm; therefore we should care what they think. Socrates further goes on to say the majority acts haphazardly; therefore, they cannot do great good or great harm (Plato 45). Crito says that "the opinion of the many" would judge us wrong if we didn't help you (and anyone in your position would agree that you ought to escape). Socrates notes that some opinion is right and some opinion is wrong. It is not simply a matter of mere opinion, but of correct opinion. The authority in this case is the actual truth of the matter. Socrates introduces a distinction between true opinion and false opinion. And the path to the latter is through argu ment and reason. By appealing to the opinion of "the many," Crito seems to be committing the Ad Populum Fallacy (i.e., something is right, true, etc., because the majority of the population says it is). Socrates seems to pose an open argument: the opinion of the many says that escaping from jail is right – but is it right? Socrates seems to believe that although the majority believes it is right for him to escape from jail he is going against what he believes to be true. Socrates believes that he has a tacit consent with the state by living in Athens for 70 years he has accepted their laws. Furthermore disagrees with retaliation and rejects Crito’s suggestion to flee to Thessaly he will be welcomed there and free to speak. Socrates seems to have adhered to the belief that if he was born and raised in this state and had children here he must have agreed with the ways in which the state operates; therefore, he cann... ...ur country to intervene and help countries less able. South Vietnam needed the support of the U.S.—especially when the North Vietnamese forces threatened them. 	Thus, in conclusion I believe that Socrates was correct to disregard the opinion of the majority. Socrates accepts his fate, for this reason alone he is not a coward. Socrates disagrees with retaliation and has faith in the government of Athens. Although Socrates may not agree with the decision of the assembly to put him to his death, he realizes that he was done wrongly by the assembly rather than the laws of Athens themselves. I believe Socrates feels this way because he has lived under the laws of Athens for 70 years and he has raised his children under the same principles. Socrates accepts the fact that being a member of society demands a certain respect and obedience. Without the rules and punishment system Athens would not be able to function properly. As Socrates decided to become a citizen of the state of Athens he also takes along with him the responsibility of being a citizen of that state. In following the more reasonable people I believe Socrates is merely followi ng the path in which the Gods intended.